This article, through a brief discussion, aims to stimulate the development of studies about the effects of protein-energetic malnutrition on anti-visceral leishmaniasis vaccination, as well as debates about the influence of nutritional status on vaccination against infectious diseases, considered a branch little explored that has emerged as a issue of great importance in public health. Both malnutrition and visceral leishmaniasis are frequent problems in poor regions which should not be neglected by Immunology and Nutrition.